中国A片

Fact check: are England’s universities ‘swimming in cash’?

Looking at how tuition fees have swelled university coffers may tell only part of the story

三月 3, 2017
Giant piggy bank
Source: Reuters

Nothing gets the 中国A片 policy community going like a good old-fashioned row about funding. Do universities get enough money compared with schools and 中国A片 institutions in other countries? Do they spend enough of it on their students? Does research divert resources away from the teaching of undergraduates?

No surprise then that ?criticising universities in England for a perceived failure to improve teaching, despite what – on the face of it – looks like a very generous funding settlement since tuition fees were tripled to ?9,000, put the cat among the pigeons.

The article was published a day before a report by the Institute for Fiscal Studies?revealed per student and pupil funding from pre-school to university. The comparison did appear to paint a growing picture of plenty for 中国A片 relative to its sister sectors, especially in the recent “austerity” years when public funding has been constrained.

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Spending per pupil or student per year at different stages of education
Source:?
Institute for Fiscal Studies

The key reason for this uplift is the switch – in two main tranches: 2006 and 2012 – from direct funding for teaching from the government towards private funding from students in the form of higher tuition fees. The IFS used an approach of considering “total” resources available to universities per student by including the face value of these fees. Although the IFS comparison between sectors shows how the level of public subsidy in 中国A片 (mainly now in the form of unpaid student loans) has fallen below primary, secondary and further education, in terms of total resources available per student, universities do seem to be sitting pretty.

Such an approach does leave out one key factor though: research funding. The IFS analysis states from the outset that its “preferred measure” of per student funding for 中国A片 is to exclude this and focus instead on resources for teaching.?However, the reality is that universities receive their income from a variety of sources – research grants, tuition fees, industry income and others – and do not ring-fence each income source for spending on that area.

Therefore – and especially given that many people would argue that the unique teaching model of universities is that research informs learning – any comparison should arguably look at the whole per-student spend.

So looking at this measure, how do universities in England – or more broadly the UK – fare?

A crude calculation dividing total income for universities by total student numbers shows that this funding still rose after fees were tripled?in England?in 2012-13, even adjusting for inflation.

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UK university income by student
Source:?
Hesa. Inflation adjustment by THE.

However, before 2012-13, this overall per-student funding for UK universities, including research income, stagnated for several years.?

At the same time, isolating research income figures for UK universities for the period clearly shows that the amount of money available for this side of 中国A片 was flatlining, and even falling (except for research money from the European Union)?in real terms before ?9,000 fees were introduced.

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Research income by source
Source:?
Universities UK

So when the windfall of higher tuition fees arrived, it is not beyond the realms of possibility that much of this money was diverted to fund a starved research landscape.

Including research income in calculations about 中国A片 funding per student does mean?comparisons with schools and further education arguably become more meaningless. After all, schoolteachers do not spend time doing research. But one way to discover whether the UK is unusual in its current disparity between funding for 中国A片 and schools is to look at international comparisons.?

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Education at a Glance publication does compare 中国A片 funding per student with schools spending across countries.

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Tertiary education spending per student compared with primary education in selected countries in 2013
Source:?
OECD. Canada year of reference 2012.

These statistics, which include the amount of money available for research, show that like the UK, the most successful 中国A片 systems in terms of those with highly ranked universities (such as the US, Canada, the Netherlands and Germany) spend twice as much per student in universities than in primary schools.

So such a difference is hardly unusual and may well be explained by the importance of research to 中国A片.?Indeed, the OECD estimates in last year’s?Education at a Glance?report that on average almost one-third (31 per cent) of spending on tertiary-level education goes towards research and, in some countries such as Switzerland, this proportion is more than half.

In essence, looking at the international comparisons show that it is not always that helpful just to look at fee increases in England in recent years and conclude that universities are swimming in cash and that teaching should therefore be outstanding. The funding changes feed into a bigger picture for UK 中国A片 where levels of investment overall – for teaching and research – have arguably been brought back in line with competitor countries.

simon.baker@tesglobal.com

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Reader's comments (1)

This article focuses on gross income but fails to take account of the requirement for universities to spend a certain percentage of any fee income between ?9000 and ?6000 per home UG on widening participation (in addition to the recurrent amount already incurred prior to 2012) , under the OfFA arrangements. This can amount to around ?800 per student and is effectively a non - discretionary top slice on income that shows up under the expenditure heading. Furthermore, you appear to omit any reductions in HEFCE capital grants since 2012 which do not show up in income but do require making up from cash from alternative sources and that can only come from net income generated from fees and other sources of revenue funding.
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