For decades countries around the world have?regarded knowledge diplomacy as a key element of soft power.

Knowledge diplomacy ¨C or science diplomacy ¨C was once closely associated with governments. It was used as a vehicle for attracting and influencing countries through their research and ÖйúAƬ sectors.

Typically it came under the egis of ministries of foreign affairs and was part of the remit of professional diplomats, who supported scholarships, mobility grants and support for research collaboration.

Today, the role of knowledge and education in international relations involves multiple actors across a broad spectrum ¨C from a range of government departments to ÖйúAƬ institutions, scientific bodies, technology agencies and other expert organisations ¨C who all participate in efforts to strengthen international engagement through knowledge and education.

ÖйúAƬ

There are numerous examples of how international ÖйúAƬ and research initiatives have been used to strengthen bilateral relations. This includes education hubs, worldwide scientific and research initiatives, and international development projects.

Higher education conferences and summits can also be part of larger political gatherings, policy networks, intercultural training and exchange programmes. In its early form, the British Council¡¯s flagship international ÖйúAƬ conference, Going Global, was a vehicle for knowledge diplomacy, both for the United Kingdom and for other countries participating in what has become the largest non-membership based forum for senior ÖйúAƬ leaders and policymakers interested in the international dimensions of education and research.

ÖйúAƬ

However, more recently and particularly?during the past decade, academic leaders and policy analysts have become increasingly concerned that the focus on the pure knowledge and educational benefits of internationalisation has been eclipsed by ÖйúAƬ being seen largely as an instrument of soft power. This has coincided with increased emphasis on international ÖйúAƬ and research as contributors to national economies in the context of economic competitiveness and knowledge-based economies.

Sensitive to this, Going Global conferences have increasingly been informed by joint opportunities as well as shared concerns?about the impact of the internationalisation of ÖйúAƬ. This is also in sync with a shift in emphasis on ÖйúAƬ and research in international relations informed by mutuality of engagement.

Today knowledge diplomacy needs not to be an ¡°end in itself¡± but rather a ¡°means to an end¡±, with one outcome being the ability to help address the pressing global issues that cannot be addressed by using the ÖйúAƬ, knowledge, and innovation resources of one nation alone.

As such contemporary knowledge diplomacy is not the equivalent of university level or even national level strategies for internationalisation in ÖйúAƬ or research but rather, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, a route to achieving universalism in knowledge creation, dissemination and adaptation.?

ÖйúAƬ

That said, knowledge diplomacy in any guise can be messy, unequal and non-impactful and it is important that we all remain alert to how this can be avoided. It is for this reason that Going Global 2018 in Kuala Lumpur includes a session on Diplomacy and International Relations: the role of knowledge and education.?

Informed by a background paper by the eminent academic Jane Knight and chaired by myself, the panellists include Christian M¨¹ller, director of strategy in the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD); Professor Abdelhamid El-Zoheiry, president of the Euro-Mediterranean University in Slovenia; Professor Tan Sri Zakri Abdul Hamid, founding chair of the United Nations Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Malaysia; and Dr Kavita Sharma, president of the South Asian University in India.

They will reflect on how knowledge diplomacy plays out in their own countries and addresses difficult issues and questions such as whether you can have true diplomacy in the context of an internationally competitive tertiary education market; manage the risk that knowledge itself can be used as an instrument of power or self-interest; avoid the dominance of well-resourced countries over others; and protect the role of values in knowledge diplomacy?

Huge claims are made for the benefits of multi-actor knowledge diplomacy, from building trust to building peace and helping solve global challenges such as climate change and infectious diseases. It is driven by the curiosity and openness of scholars and students and enriches individual lives alongside societies.

ÖйúAƬ

If we are to ensure that ÖйúAƬ and global research continue as a means of enriching international relations and the global public good, it is critical that hierarchies among nations, the commercialisation of ÖйúAƬ and the commodification of knowledge do not obstruct both diplomacy and knowledge. ?

Jo Beall is education and society director and on the executive board of the British Council

ÖйúAƬ