Dr Sharon Prince from the University of Cape Town has dedicated her academic career to cancer research: finding novel therapeutic interventions and developing more targeted approaches to treatment.?
Dr Sharon Prince, head of the Division of Cell Biology at UCT, and her laboratory are investigating the molecules drive a normal cell to become a cancer cell.?
As head of the at the (UCT), Dr Sharon Prince has committed her career to cancer research. Her work focuses on finding novel therapeutic interventions and developing more targeted approaches to treat cancer.?
Apart from the stimulating research environment her laboratory has offered several postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows, Prince’s expertise is also widely sought-after outside UCT. She has a long-standing relationship with the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) and regularly presents her work at conferences and symposiums.??
Understanding key drivers
Although Prince’s laboratory pursues several different arms of research, one of their major focuses right now is trying to understand what molecules drive a normal cell to become a cancer cell.?
“The idea here is, if we understand the key drivers of the cancer process, we can then use them as biomarkers for early detection, which is a huge problem in cancer,” Prince explains.
Apart from this, the identification of key drivers could offer researchers the opportunity to use them as ‘targets’ in the development of new treatments.
“Essentially, what we’re trying to do is target only the molecule that has been identified as a key component in the development of cancer, so that the normal cells remain unaffected.”
Targeted approach to cancer therapy
The idea behind this is to address one of the major drawbacks of most current cancer treatments, namely, the brutal side-effects many patients suffer while in therapy.
Widely available treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation, tend to take a sledgehammer approach to killing cancer cells. While these treatments have a proven track record of efficacy, the big problem is that they also have a negative impact on normal cells in the body. This may manifest as hair loss and severe nausea in stronger patients, but it could end up being fatal for those with weakened immune systems.
“In fact, often patients would succumb to the treatment in the end, rather than the cancer,” explains Prince.
To this end, Prince is collaborating with the UCT to explore alternative, novel genetic therapy candidates with the use of pseudovirion technology in an attempt to downregulate expression of the TBX2/3 gene. Funding for this project was raised through the Technology Innovation Agency Seed Fund Programme with the assistance of UCT .
The development of a promising palladium-based drug
Research suggests that one of the big reasons for the negative side effects of most anti-cancer drugs could be the use of the metal platinum as the core element in most of them. There is, however, evidence that the side-effects could be minimised by replacing it with a close metal relative, palladium.
Prince and her lab have teamed up with Professor Selwyn Mapolie from Stellenbosch University to investigate a range of palladium complexes for their anti-cancer activity.
“Essentially, what we’re trying to do is target only the molecule that has been identified as a key component in the development of cancer, so that the normal cells remain unaffected,” explains Prince.
After extensive in vitro, as well as in vivo tests, they discovered a palladium-based drug called AJ-5, which showed high anti-cancer activity with very little effect on normal cells. Importantly, AJ-5 was able to clear tumours in mice with negligible side effects. Its effectiveness also manifested at a 50 times lower concentration than the commonly used platinum-based anti-cancer drug, cisplatin.
Eradicating cancer stem cells
In addition to these two exciting findings, AJ-5 also seems to be effective in targeting the small population of cancer stem- or precursor cells.
This is significant, as these precursor cells are notoriously difficult to eradicate because they don’t look like the cancer cells they sprout. Because of this, drugs don’t target them and they remain latent in the patient’s body and often give rise to new tumours. This has commonly come to be known as a cancer relapse.
“Unlike a lot of current therapies that kill the tumours successfully, but leave the residual cells unaffected, AJ-5 seemed to be successful in killing off the entire population of cells completely,” says Prince.
There was only one major challenge with AJ-5, and that is the fact that it is not very soluble. This is a problem with a lot of drugs and ultimately becomes a restriction for taking their development further to clinical trials.
Prince’s laboratory wasted no time in looking for a solution and have tweaked the structure slightly to make it more soluble. This work is supported by the UCT Pre-Seed Concept Fund, as administered by UCT Research Contracts and Innovation, with the intention of demonstrating therapeutic proof of concept in a chick-embryo model.
The result has been a derivative drug called BTC2. Initial in vitro tests have shown that it promises to be equally, if not more, effective in removing cancer stem cells at an even lower concentration with negligible side effects on normal cells.
It is currently being prepared for in vivo testing.
UCT Research Contracts and Innovation is assisting with the intellectual property (IP) protection and a Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) application has already been filed as a precursor to patent applications in other countries and regions, which will be selected in due course. The IP is co-owned by Stellenbosch University.
Story: Nadia Krige. Photos: Michael Hammond.
